Lifestyle Related Chronic Kidney Disease Among Young Adults of Productive Age In Indonesia: Analysis of The 2023 Indonesian Health Survey
https://doi.org/10.53770/medica.v8i5.974
Keywords
Chronic Kidney Disease Young Adults Hypertension Sugar Sweetened Beverage Lifestyle FactorsAbstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has traditionally been associated with older adults; however, its prevalence among adolescents and young adults has increased in recent years, largely due to changing lifestyle patterns. This trend threatens the productivity of the younger generation and may increase the burden on Indonesia’s healthcare system. This study aimed to analyze lifestyle-related factors associated with CKD among Indonesian young adult males aged 15–24 years. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia/SKI). Total sampling was applied to eligible respondents, resulting in 46,510 male participants after excluding female respondents to minimize sex-related confounding. Data were analyzed using Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression. The results showed that the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (p < 0.001) and hypertension status (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with CKD. Multivariable analysis revealed that hypertension was the strongest factor associated with CKD among young adults, while the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages also remained significantly associated with the condition. These findings highlight the importance of early prevention strategies focusing on blood pressure control and healthier dietary behaviors to reduce the risk of CKD in young populations. However, because of the cross-sectional design, the study can only identify associations and cannot establish causal relationships between lifestyle factors and CKD.
Downloads
References
Al Salmi, I., Kamble, P., Lazarus, E. R., D’Souza, M. S., Al Maimani, Y., & Hannawi, S. (2021). Kidney Disease-Specific Quality of Life among Patients on Hemodialysis. International Journal of Nephrology, 2021, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8876559
Al-Haifi, A. R., Bumaryoum, N. Y., Al-Awadhi, B. A., Alammar, F. A., Ashkanani, R. H., & Al-Hazzaa, H. M. (2023). The influence of gender, media, and internet usage on adolescents' fast food perception and fluid intake. Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 42(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00426-x
Anyanwu, O. A., Naumova, E. N., Chomitz, V. R., Zhang, F. F., Chui, K., Kartasurya, M. I., & Folta, S. C. (2022). The Socio-Ecological Context of the Nutrition Transition in Indonesia: A Qualitative Investigation of Perspectives from Multi-Disciplinary Stakeholders. Nutrients, 15(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010025
Atar, A. (2026). Neurobiological Consequences of High-Fat High-Sugar Diets on the Mesocorticolimbic System: a Narrative Review. Current Nutrition Reports, 15(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-026-00729-5
Bae, E. H., Lim, S. Y., Jung, J. H., Oh, T. R., Choi, H. S., Kim, C. S., Ma, S. K., Han, K. D., & Kim, S. W. (2021). Chronic Kidney Disease Risk of Isolated Systolic or Diastolic Hypertension in Young Adults: A Nationwide Sample Based-Cohort Study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(7), e019764. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.019764
Baharuddin B. (2024). The Impact of Fructose Consumption on Human Health: Effects on Obesity, Hyperglycemia, Diabetes, Uric Acid, and Oxidative Stress With a Focus on the Liver. Cureus, 16(9), e70095. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.70095
Borrelli, S., Provenzano, M., Gagliardi, I., Michael, A., Liberti, M. E., De Nicola, L., Conte, G., Garofalo, C., & Andreucci, M. (2020). Sodium Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(13), 4744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134744
Busink, E., Kendzia, D., Kircelli, F., Boeger, S., Petrovic, J., Smethurst, H., Mitchell, S., & Apel, C. (2023). A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of renal replacement therapies, and consequences for decision-making in the end-stage renal disease treatment pathway. The European Journal of Health Economics, 24(3), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-022-01478-2
Greenberg, D., & St Peter, J. V. (2021). Sugars and Sweet Taste: Addictive or Rewarding?. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(18), 9791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189791
Gupta, L., Khandelwal, D., Dutta, D., Kalra, S., Lal, P. R., & Gupta, Y. (2018). The Twin White Herrings: Salt and Sugar. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 22(4), 542–551. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM_117_18
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Survey Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI). [Indonesian Health Survey (IHS)]. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Kristina, S., Endarti, D., Andayani, T., & Aditama, H. (2021). Area Efficient Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Using Booth Multiplier for Network Applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(1), 2815–2820. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2021.13.01.375
Kuma, A., & Kato, A. (2022). Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors for the Incidence and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in the Healthy Young and Middle-Aged Population. Nutrients, 14(18), 3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183787
Lo, W. C., Ou, S. H., Chou, C. L., Chen, J. S., Wu, M. Y., & Wu, M. S. (2021). Sugar- and artificially-sweetened beverages and the risks of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Journal of Nephrology, 34(6), 1791–1804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00957-0
Ma, Y., Chen, S., Shen, Y., Wang, X., Xie, X., & Zhao, W. (2025). Independent and joint impacts of high body mass index and aging on global burden of chronic kidney disease: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Frontiers in nutrition, 12, 1582534. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1582534
Mallamaci, F., & Tripepi, G. (2024). Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(3), 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030678
Maryam, S., Hailuddin, H., & Endri, E. (2025). Demographic dividend, economic and employment growth in Indonesia. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(3), 3365–3372. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i3.7244
Molino, A. R., Jerry-Fluker, J., Atkinson, M. A., Furth, S. L., Warady, B. A., & Ng, D. K. (2021). The association of alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, and marijuana use with disease severity in adolescents and young adults with pediatric chronic kidney disease. Pediatric Nephrology, 36(8), 2493–2497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-021-05044-5
Murt, A. (2025). Energy drink-induced acute kidney injury: a case report and review of the literature. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 19(1), 522. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-025-05614-3
Pavkov, M. E., Koyama, A. K., Bjornstad, P., & Nelson, R. G. (2024). Kidney Disease and Diabetes. In J. M. Lawrence (Eds.) et. al., Diabetes in America. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
Putri, S., Nugraha, R. R., Pujiyanti, E., Thabrany, H., Hasnur, H., Istanti, N. D., Evasari, D., & Afiatin (2022). Supporting dialysis policy for end stage renal disease (ESRD) in Indonesia: an updated cost-effectiveness model. BMC research notes, 15(1), 359. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-022-06252-4
Rahmadi, M., Izzah, Z., Nurhan, A. D., & Suharjono, S. (2024). Chronic intake of energy drinks affects changes in kidney function biomarkers in a diabetes mellitus animal model. Pharmacy Education, 24(3), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2024.243.2531
Robinson, B. M., Akizawa, T., Jager, K. J., Kerr, P. G., Saran, R., & Pisoni, R. L. (2016). Factors affecting outcomes in patients reaching end-stage kidney disease worldwide: differences in access to renal replacement therapy, modality use, and haemodialysis practices. The Lancet, 388(10041), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30448-2
Sun, I. O., Lee, H. S., Lim, C., Bae, E., Hyun, Y. Y., Chung, S., ... & Hong, Y. A. (2025). Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of incident chronic kidney disease: a Korean nationwide study of community-dwelling older adults. Nutrients, 17(6), 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060983
Sunariyanti, E., Andayani, T. M., Endarti, D., & Puspandari, D. A. (2023). Cost Analysis of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Indonesia. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research : CEOR, 15, 621–629. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S388547
Vaidya, S. R., & Aeddula, N. R. (2024). Chronic Kidney Disease. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Wang, Z., You, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, J., & Shao, L. (2025). Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease among adolescents and emerging adults from 1990 to 2021. Renal failure, 47(1), 2508296. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2025.2508296
Yuzbashian, E., Asghari, G., Mirmiran, P., Zadeh-Vakili, A., & Azizi, F. (2016). Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Nephrology, 21(7), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.12646
Zdravkova, I., Tilkiyan, E., Ivanov, H., Lambrev, A., Dzhongarova, V., Kraleva, G., & Kirilov, B. (2025). Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease Associated with a Genetic Defect: A Report of Two Cases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(10), 4681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104681
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 MEDICA (International Medical Scientific Journal)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
