Effectiveness of Probiotic Milk Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Pregnant Women with Hypertension
https://doi.org/10.53770/amhj.v6i2.825
Keywords
Blood Pressure Hypertension Probiotics WomenAbstract
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy can affect pregnancy and birth outcomes. One non-pharmacological intervention is probiotic milk, which may be beneficial for hypertension in pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of probiotic administration on blood pressure in pregnant women with hypertension. This study uses a quasi-experimental design (pretest-posttest with a control group). In this design, there are two groups: the intervention group (n = 30) and the control group (n = 30). This study uses simple random sampling. Data collection was conducted at health service facilities, namely health centres in the Kediri city area. Data collection began from March to July 2024. Probiotic milk supplementation of 125 ml was administered once daily for 63 days, while the control group received standard care. The results of the study using the t-test obtained the average post-test blood pressure in the intervention group, namely m = 124.07 mmHg, SD = 5.521 and the average diastolic pressure m = 75.60 mmHg, SD = 7.356. The average post-test systolic pressure in the control group was m = 141.83 mmHg, SD = 7.091, and the average diastolic pressure was m = 87.67 mmHg, SD = 9.132, with a p-value = 0.000. This shows that blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) in the intervention group was lower than in the control group. Probiotic milk supplementation given to pregnant women with hypertension has a greater potential to reduce blood pressure compared to the control group. Health workers need to be able to recommend probiotic consumption to pregnant women with hypertension. Further research should consider improved study designs and long-term monitoring of probiotic milk supplementation with a larger number of participants.
Downloads
References
Agrawal, A., & Wenger, N. K. (2020). Hypertension during pregnancy. Current Hypertension Reports, 22(9), 64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-020-01070-0
Asemi, Z., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2013). Effect of daily consumption of probiotic yoghurt on serum levels of calcium, iron and liver enzymes in pregnant women. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(8), 949–955.
Behrens, I., Basit, S., Melbye, M., Lykke, J. A., Wohlfahrt, J., Bundgaard, H., ... & Boyd, H. A. (2017). Risk of post-pregnancy hypertension in women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: nationwide cohort study. BMJ, 358, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3078
Brantsæter, A. L., Myhre, R., Haugen, M., Myking, S., Sengpiel, V., Magnus, P., ... & Meltzer, H. M. (2011). Intake of probiotic food and risk of preeclampsia in primiparous women: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(7), 807-815. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr168
Brouwers, L., van der Meiden‐van Roest, A., Savelkoul, C., Vogelvang, T., Lely, A., Franx, A., & van Rijn, B. (2018). Recurrence of pre‐eclampsia and the risk of future hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 125(13), 1642–1654. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15394
Chen, C., Grewal, J., Betran, A. P., Vogel, J. P., Souza, J. P., & Zhang, J. (2018). Severe anemia, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia as risk factors for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy in developing countries. Pregnancy Hypertension, 13, 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2018.06.001
Chen, Q., Ren, C., Shu, C., Yang, X., Jiang, H., Zhi, X., ... & Li, Y. (2025). Hypertension-gut microbiota research trends: a bibliometric and visualization analysis (2000–2025). Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1543258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1543258
Dai, L., Chen, Y., Sun, W., & Liu, S. (2018). Association between hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and the subsequent risk of end-stage renal disease: a population-based follow-up study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 40(9), 1129–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2018.01.022
Fernández, L., Orgaz, B., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2024). The safety of probiotics intended for use in pregnant and lactating women: from a desirable to a required task. Foods, 13(24), 4024. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13244024
Filippou, C. D., Tsioufis, C. P., Thomopoulos, C. G., Mihas, C. C., Dimitriadis, K. S., Sotiropoulou, L. I., Tousoulis, D. M. (2020). Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in Nutrition, 11(5), 1150–1160. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa041
Fitton, C. A., Fleming, M., Aucott, L., Pell, J. P., Mackay, D. F., & McLay, J. S. (2021). Congenital defects and early childhood outcomes following in-utero exposure to antihypertensive medication. Journal of Hypertension, 39(3), 581–588. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002670
Ford, N. D. (2022). Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and mortality at delivery hospitalization—United States, 2017–2019. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71, 585-591. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7117a1
Gray, K. J., Saxena, R., & Karumanchi, S. A. (2018). Genetic predisposition to preeclampsia is conferred by fetal DNA variants near FLT1, a gene involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.562
Hajifaraji, M., Jahanjou, F., Abbasalizadeh, F., Aghamohammadzadeh, N., Mesgari Abbasi, M., & Dolatkhah, N. (2017). Effect of probiotic supplementation on blood pressure of females with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized double blind controlled clinical trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 19(6), e55662. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.55662
Hitti, J., Sienas, L., Walker, S., Benedetti, T. J., & Easterling, T. (2018). Contribution of hypertension to severe maternal morbidity. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 219(4), 405.e1-405.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.002
Lane-Cordova, A. D., Tedla, Y. G., Carnethon, M. R., Montag, S. E., Dude, A. M., & Rasmussen-Torvik, L. J. (2018). Pre-pregnancy blood pressure and body mass index trajectories and incident hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertension, 13, 138–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2018.06.003
Lara-Barea, A., Sánchez-Lechuga, B., Campos-Caro, A., Córdoba-Doña, J. A., de la Varga-Martínez, R., Arroba, A. I., ... & López-Tinoco, C. (2022). Angiogenic imbalance and inflammatory biomarkers in the prediction of hypertension as well as obstetric and perinatal complications in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11061514
Li, F., Wang, T., Chen, L., Zhang, S., Chen, L., & Qin, J. (2021). Adverse pregnancy outcomes among mothers with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Pregnancy Hypertension, 24, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2021.03.001
Li, P., Wang, H., Guo, L., Gou, X., Chen, G., Lin, D., ... & Liu, Z. (2022). Association between gut microbiota and preeclampsia-eclampsia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Medicine, 20(1), 443. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02657-x
Mähler, A., Wilck, N., Rauch, G., Dechend, R., & Müller, D. N. (2020). Effect of a probiotic on blood pressure in grade 1 hypertension (HYPRO): protocol of a randomized controlled study. Trials, 21(1), 1032. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04973-0
Mahmood, S., Shah, K. U., Khan, T. M., Nawaz, S., Rashid, H., Baqar, S. W. A., & Kamran, S. (2019). Non-pharmacological management of hypertension: in the light of current research. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-), 188(2), 437-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-018-1889-8
Maldonado Galdeano, C., Cazorla, S. I., Lemme Dumit, J. M., Vélez, E., & Perdigón, G. (2019). Beneficial Effects of Probiotic Consumption on the Immune System. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 74(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496426
McDougall, A., Nguyen, R., Nguyen, P. Y., Allen, C., Cheang, S., Makama, M., ... & Vogel, J. P. (2024). The effects of probiotics administration during pregnancy on preeclampsia and associated maternal, fetal, and newborn outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 6(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101322
Metoki, H., Iwama, N., Hamada, H., Satoh, M., Murakami, T., Ishikuro, M., & Obara, T. (2022). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: definition, management, and out-of-office blood pressure measurement. Hypertension Research, 45(8), 1298–1309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-00965-6
Młynarska, E., Wasiak, J., Gajewska, A., Bilińska, A., Steć, G., Jasińska, J., ... & Franczyk, B. (2024). Gut microbiota and gut–brain axis in hypertension: Implications for kidney and cardiovascular health—a narrative review. Nutrients, 16(23), 4079. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234079
Morisaki, N., Obara, T., Piedvache, A., Kobayashi, S., Miyashita, C., Nishimura, T., ... & Kishi, R. (2023). Association between smoking and hypertension in pregnancy among Japanese women: a meta-analysis of birth cohort studies in the Japan Birth Cohort Consortium (JBiCC) and JECS. Journal of Epidemiology, 33(10), 498-507. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20220076
Movaghar, R., Farshbaf-Khalili, A., Hajizade, khadijeh, MirzaRezaei, M. E., & Shahnazi, M. (2022). The effect of probiotics or synbiotics on the hypertensive disorders of pregnant women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(2), 94–104. https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2021.027
Narang, K., Szymanski, L. M., Kane, S. V., & Rose, C. H. (2021). Acute pancreatitis in a pregnant patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Obstetrics & Gynecology, 137(3), 431–433. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004287
Nordqvist, M., Jacobsson, B., Brantsæter, A.-L., Myhre, R., Nilsson, S., & Sengpiel, V. (2018). Timing of probiotic milk consumption during pregnancy and effects on the incidence of preeclampsia and preterm delivery: a prospective observational cohort study in Norway. BMJ Open, 8(1), e018021. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018021
Pascoal, A. C. F., Katz, L., Pinto, M. H., Santos, C. A., Braga, L. C. O., Maia, S. B., & Amorim, M. M. R. (2019). Serum magnesium levels during magnesium sulfate infusion at 1 gram/hour versus 2 grams/hour as a maintenance dose to prevent eclampsia in women with severe preeclampsia. Medicine, 98(32), e16779. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016779
Poudel, K., Kobayashi, S., Miyashita, C., Ikeda-Araki, A., Tamura, N., Ait Bamai, Y., ... & Kishi, R. (2021). Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (HDP), maternal characteristics, and birth outcomes among Japanese women: a Hokkaido study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073342
Qi, D., Nie, X.-L., & Zhang, J.-J. (2020). The effect of probiotics supplementation on blood pressure: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Lipids in Health and Disease, 19(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01259-x
Radjulaeni, Z., Suhartono, S., & Mardiyono, M. (2023). Calcium supplementation on lowering blood pressure in pregnant women with hypertension: A meta-analysis. JNKI (Jurnal Ners Dan Kebidanan Indonesia) (Indonesian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery), 11(2), 146. https://doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2023.11(2).146-156
Riise, H. K. R., Sulo, G., Tell, G. S., Igland, J., Nygård, O., Iversen, A., & Daltveit, A. K. (2018). Association between gestational hypertension and risk of cardiovascular disease among 617 589 norwegian women. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7(10), e008337. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.008337
Şanlier, N., Gökcen, B. B., & Sezgin, A. C. (2019). Health benefits of fermented foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(3), 506–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1383355
Smith, D., Merriam, A., Jung, J., & Gyamfi-Bannerman, C. (2018). Effect of maternal age and fetal number on the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. American Journal of Perinatology, 35(3), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1607297
Stuivenberg, G. A., Poon, A., Burton, J. P., & Spence, J. D. (2024). Potential effects of probiotics on atherosclerosis. Microbiome Research Reports, 4(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2024.22
Su, X. T., Yang, C. L., & Ellison, D. H. (2020). Kidney is essential for blood pressure modulation by dietary potassium. Current cardiology reports, 22(10), 124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-01359-1
Wilkerson, R. G., & Ogunbodede, A. C. (2019). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 37(2), 301–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2019.01.008
Wang, J., Liu, S., Li, G., & Xiao, J. (2020). Exercise regulates the immune system. Physical Exercise for Human Health, 1228, 395-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1
Ying, W., Catov, J. M., & Ouyang, P. (2018). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and future maternal cardiovascular risk. Journal of the American Heart Association, 7(17), e009382. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.009382
Zarezadeh, M., Musazadeh, V., Ghalichi, F., Kavyani, Z., Nasernia, R., Parang, M., ... & Mekary, R. A. (2023). Effects of probiotics supplementation on blood pressure: an umbrella meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 33(2), 275-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.005
Zhao, T. X., Zhang, L., Zhou, N., Sun, D. S., Xie, J. H., & Xu, S. K. (2023). Long‐term use of probiotics for the management of office and ambulatory blood pressure: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(1), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3069
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmar Metastasis Health Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
